High-power pulsed power technology in China opened a historic one

Institute of Electrical Engineering, was recently successfully developed the “50kW/40kHz high voltage power supply | voltage regulators” on behalf of the domestic high-frequency high-power switching power supply advanced technology. “200kW Power Supply” study, indicates that China’s high-power pulsed power technology has opened a historic one.

Currently, high-power switching power supply with foreign technology is more mature and are mainly used in industrial and military. In particle accelerators, electromagnetic emission, electromagnetic forward, such as pulse-power microwave weapons technology areas, power equipment, typically a few hundred kilowatts average power of several megawatts or more, volume and weight of only a few one-tenth of the domestic and automation very high.

In recent years, China’s small switching power supply technology has matured and can basically meet the industrial production and military development. This time, the successful development of high-voltage electrical power supply for industrial development in China will play a far-reaching impact.

The new high-power switching power supply (average power 200kW) is small, light weight, high efficiency, wide voltage range and other advantages, but also has advanced automatic control technology. High power pulse power mainly as the primary power supply and large military equipment of the power system is also suitable for large Dianliukuaisu charge and discharge system, electronics, communications, aerospace and medical fields, with, tens ~ hundreds of kilowatts of large, high-power switching power supply is mainly used in modern industry, national defense, and large research projects in a very wide range of applications.

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Abstract: Lightning from the high-energy low-frequency components and the composition of very high frequency permeability. Mainly through its two forms, one is directly through the metal pipe or ground lightning conduction loss caused by equipment; One is the lightning channel and the discharge channel of the lightning electromagnetic pulse induced by a variety of coupling to the metal pipe or ground waves generated Chung, to the detriment of equipment. Most Lei Sun caused by this induction. For electronic information equipment, primarily from damage caused by lightning coupling of lightning electromagnetic pulse energy generated by the following three channels of the transient surge. In this paper, Analysis of lightning protection devices in power system applications.

Keywords: SPD Power Supply System

First, the basic principles of lightning protection

Lightning and other strong interference on the communication system to the detriment and serious consequences arising therefrom, and lightning protection will be necessary. Lightning from the low-frequency components with very high permeability of the high frequency component. Mainly through its two forms, one is directly through the metal pipe or ground lightning conduction loss caused by equipment; One is the lightning channel and the discharge channel of the lightning electromagnetic pulse induced by a variety of coupling to the metal pipe or ground waves generated Chung, to the detriment of equipment. Most Lei Sun caused by this induction. For electronic information equipment, primarily from damage caused by lightning coupling of lightning electromagnetic pulse energy generated by the following three channels of the transient surge. Metal pipe channel, such as water pipes, power lines, Antenna, signal lines, aviation obstruction light surge generated by wire, etc.; ground channel, to call their counter; space channel, electromagnetic radiation energy group.

Surge channel for metal pipes and ground channel to counter the potential damage caused by electronic information systems major cause of most of its forms is to see to the detriment of the power line caused Lei Sun, it takes as the focus of anti-expansion. Lightning can strike as all-pervasive electronic information systems, lightning protection will be a systematic project. The center of a discharge lightning protection and balanced.

1. Blowdown is the lightning and the lightning electromagnetic pulse discharge energy through the earth, and should be consistent with the principle of hierarchy, that is as much as possible, as far as possible to the excess energy before the introduction of communication systems discharge into the ground; hierarchy is Lightning Protection established in accordance with different levels of the lightning energy to weaken. Lightning Protection District, also known as EMC Division, is based on people, things and information systems to lightning and lightning electromagnetic pulse of feeling Qiangdubutong to Huanjing into Jigequyu: LPZOA District, Ben Du district Ge objects may have been struck by lightning Zhijie Hence the special body may lead to go all the lightning current, no attenuation of the electromagnetic field in the region. LPZOB area, this area has been the object can not directly struck by lightning, but no attenuation of electromagnetic field in this area. LPZ1 area, this area has been the object can not directly struck by lightning, the current flows to the conductor than LPZOB area to further reduce the electric field effect on the overall attenuation and shielding measures. Follow-up of the mine area (LPZ2 area, etc.) If you need further reduced by the guidance of current and electromagnetic field, lightning protection zone should be the introduction of follow-up, the system should be in accordance with the need to protect the environment required for selection and the renewal of mine-area district requirements conditions. The higher number of protected areas, the expected voltage interfere with the lower energy and interference. In the modern lightning protection technology, lightning protection zone settings is important, it can guide us to shielding, grounding, and other electrical connections and other technical measures are implemented.

2. Balance is to keep the system does not produce enough to cause some loss of potential difference, that is the system where the environment and the system itself, the potential of all the metal conductor to keep the transient phenomena are almost equal, which is based on both real bonding of pressure. By a reliable grounding system, such as bonding with the metal wire and bonding device (SPD) to form a potential compensation system, in the presence of transient phenomena very short time, the potential compensation system can quickly be protected in system in which all the conductive parts of the region to establish an equal potential between these conductive parts also active conductors. Potential through the comprehensive compensation system that can form a very short period of time such as potential areas, the region may exist relative to the distance dozens of kV potential difference. Important is the need to protect the system located within the region, between all the conductive parts there is no significant potential difference.

3. Lightning protection system consists of three parts, each part has its important role, there is no alternative. External protection, the Jieshan Qi, deflectors, grounding body composition, energy can be most directly into the ground lightning discharge. Transitional protection, by the reasonable shielding, grounding, wiring component, can reduce or block access through the introduction of invasive sensors. Internal protection, from both pressure bonding, over-voltage protection component, can balance the system potential to limit over-voltage amplitude.

Second, the role of lightning protection devices and technical parameters

SPD, also known as equipotential connector, over-voltage protector, surge suppressor, varistor, lightning and other security devices for power line protection device known as the lightning protection lightning protection devices. Given the current characteristics of lightning induced damage, especially in the mine rectification of lightning protection, lightning protection devices protection program is based on the most simple, economic solution for lightning protection. SPD’s primary role is transient phenomenon, its potential at both ends of a line or limit the scope, the transfer of active conductor on the excess energy.

Into the underground discharge, pressure, etc. to achieve both an important part of bonding. SPD Some of the main technical parameters: Rated voltage, rated current, special approval from the string and Power SPD’s carrying capacity. The flux, the SPD’s ability to transfer lightning current to a thousand units, and open the open wave. SPD can be divided in function can prevent Thunderstorm for the SPD and the SPD against lightning. Anti-Thunderstorm for the SPD can be commonly used may be hit by lightning directly stroke line protection, such as LPZOA area and LPZ1 area at the junction of protection. Current waveform with 10/35μs testing and that its current capacity. Anti-lightning in the lightning protection devices are usually used to hit the line can not be Thunderstorm for protection, such as LPZOB area and LPX1 area, LPZ1 area at the junction of protection. 8/20μs current waveform with test and said its current capacity of response time, the SPD on the transient phenomena of a controlling time, and the wave nature of. Residual pressure, SPD restrictions on the ability of transient voltage phenomena, and lightning current amplitude and the wave nature of.

Third, the selection of lightning protection devices

Lightning protection device based on the desired effect you want, should focus on “where appropriate and reasonable to the installation of suitable lightning protection devices,” SPD selection is very important.

1. To enter the building between the various facilities lightning current distribution is as follows: about 50% of the lightning discharge flowing through the external lightning protection device into the ground, and another 50% of the lightning current in the metal material within the system distributed. This assessment model used to estimate the LPAOA area, LPZOB area and LPZ1 area for bonding the junction of the SPD’s current capacity and metal wire specifications. Where the lightning current to 10/35μs current waveform. In the metal material in the distribution of lightning current situation: the part of the lightning current amplitude depends on the distribution channel and some resistance and inductance, distribution channel is likely to be assigned to the lightning current in the metal material, such as power lines, signal lines, water pipes, metal frame and other metal pipes and other ground-level, generally only the value of their grounding resistance can be roughly estimated. In the case can not be determined, then a resistor can be considered equal, that is, the average distribution of the metal pipe current.

2. The introduction of overhead power lines and power lines may be Thunderstorm for hit, the access to the building of protected areas and exterior lines depends on the lightning current, lightning protection devices and the user side of the discharge branch line impedance and inductance. If the same inside and outside both ends of the resistance, the power line was assigned to half of the Thunderstorm for current. In this case, function must be used with anti Thunderstorm for the SPD.

3. Follow-up assessment model to evaluate LPZ1 area protection zone at the junction after the lightning current distribution. As the user side of the insulation resistance is far greater than the SPD discharge slip resistance of introduced lines and entered the follow-up of the lightning current lightning protection zone will be reduced, particularly in the numerical estimates do not need. General requirements for follow-up area of lightning protection lightning protection device at the current capacity of 20kA (8/20μs) below, without using Chase flow capacity of SPD.

Follow-up to the choice of mine area SPD should consider the energy distribution between the various levels and voltage matching is difficult to determine in a number of factors, the use of string and Power SPD is a good choice. String and style is based on modern lightning protection in many applications, such as distinguishing characteristics of level of protection concept put forward (as opposed to the traditional and the type SPD is concerned). The essence is by the energy and voltage distribution with multi-level electrical and filter up the effective integration of technology. String and type mine has the following characteristics: wide range of applications. Not only the routine application, but also a place for protected areas indistinguishable. Induced decoupling devices under transient over-voltage divider, delay effects, to help achieve energy match. Slow rate of rise of transient interference in order to achieve low residual voltage and long life and extremely fast response time.

4. SPD all the other parameters depend on the protected object level where the mine area, the operating voltage to install all the components in the lead circuit of rated voltage shall prevail. String and type SPD needs to pay attention to its rated current.

5. Affecting the distribution of lightning current electronic line of other factors: the transformer grounded resistor will reduce the electron current increases in the distribution. Increase in the length of power cable will reduce the current power distribution lines, and to have a few to lead a balanced current distribution. Short cable lengths and low impedance neutral line current imbalance will thus lead to differential mode interference. Power cable and multi-user access will reduce the effective impedance, resulting in distribution of current increases, even into the network of power supply in the state, the main flow into the mine temporary power line, which is most Lei Sun in the power line of reason.

Fourth, the installation of lightning protection devices

1. Power cord should be multi-level protection, multi-level protection is based on the mine area as the level of lightning energy progressively reduced (energy distribution), so that limits voltage levels complement each other, ultimately limit the over voltage device within the dielectric strength (voltage support). In the following cases, multi-level protection is a must: a 1 SPD or SPD failure of a road failure. SPD does not meet the residual voltage equipment insulation strength, cable length is longer in the building.

2. Almost all cases, the cable protection, at least should be divided into two or more, with a lightning protection device may also contain multiple levels of protection (such as string and type SPD). In order to achieve effective protection in the mine area set the corresponding interface of the SPD, SPD can be for individual electronic devices, or one with more electronic equipment space, all through the defense usually has a space shield mined areas of the wire through the mine area in the interface also has had SPD. In addition, the lightning protection device is limited, the general lightning protection devices and equipment line distance of more than 10m after the protective effect will deteriorate, because the SPD and the need to protect the cables between devices have reflective oscillation caused voltage, the amplitude and the line length is proportional to the load impedance.

3. In the use of power multi-level child lightning protection, if not pay attention to energy distribution, it may attract more lightning energy into the protected area. This requires the SPD should be based on the foregoing assessment model selection. Lightning protection devices are generally larger by lightning current, the higher the residual voltage characteristics, not by the energy level SPD after the distribution of lightning current flowing through a very small benefit voltage limit. Note that without considering the voltage response with low voltage and only choice for the final stage of lightning protection devices are dangerous.

With energy distribution and voltage to achieve the main points is to use two SPD inductance between the cable itself. Inductance cable itself has some obstacles to bury current and partial pressure of roles, so that more lightning current was assigned to the large discharge. General requirements 2 SPD around 15m in length between the cable, appropriate?? The situation within the cable. The length of cable on the branch line influence on the length of cable required, when the protection of ground and some distance from the protected cable (> 1m), time required cable length can be greater than 5m. In some cable itself is not suitable for use as decoupling?? Can use a special decoupling device, then no distance requirement.

4. Decoupling device is to achieve energy distribution and voltage with the key measures, the following materials can be used as decoupling devices: cable, inductance and resistance.

Power SPD series, and is a consideration of the energy distribution and voltage with the use of filters as a decoupling device SPD portfolio of applications for all occasions.

5. In some extreme cases, fitted with lightning protection devices but will also increase the possibility of damage to equipment, must stop; such situations. Lightning protection devices to protect a few lines, one line of SPD failure or slow response times. This may make common-mode interference into a differential mode interference and damage to equipment. This requires the need to implement multi-level protection and attention to the maintenance of lightning protection devices. Without regard to lightning protection zone, with the energy and voltage allocation by the random lightning protection devices installed, Biru just installed a SPD front-end equipment, since no pre-class protection strong lightning current will be attracted to the equipment front end, causing SPD residual voltage over equipment insulation strength. This requires the SPD to be installed in accordance with the principle of hierarchy.

6. In other cases, the wrong equipment installation will not effectively protected. Long connected line lightning protection, lightning protection devices work, the connection line from the inductance induced voltage will be high, add the device will still dangerous voltage level at the end of this issue SPD applications more obvious. To solve this problem is to use a short cable, but also to use two or more separate connections to share the magnetic field lines to reduce the pressure drop, in-line cable is bold no effect. If necessary, be protected by changing the line of wiring, so close to the bonding arrangements (access point) to reduce the cable length.

Mine output lines and input lines, grounding line near, laid side by side. This type SPD on the series and more serious effects. When the string and the power supply output line of mine (has the protection of the line) and the input line (not the protection line), ground close to the laying of lines within the sensor will output a transient surge, although smaller than the original strength, but still can be dangerous. To solve this problem is the input line, ground and output lines laid separately or vertical installation, to minimize the length of the parallel laying, the laying of the distance pulled.

SPD and the ground wire is not protected by the protection device is connected, that is to separate lightning protection and grounding. This will be the protection line and equipment protection in the time between the dangerous transient voltages, to solve this problem is to ground lightning protection device should be protected with devices connected.

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Japan to develop alternative technologies for platinum fuel cells carbon rod

According to “Nihon Keizai Shimbun” reported Nisshinbo company formed with the Tokyo Institute of Technology research project were recently successfully developed a fuel cell catalyst for carbon rod technique, replacing the expensive platinum, substantially reducing the production costs of fuel cells . The cost of using carbon rods catalyst is platinum 1 / 10, if used in vehicles, then the cost of fuel cells will be reduced by 40 million yen. The technology will be officially opened in 2009, applied to the field of home and car.

Use of fuel cells can reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the automotive and home appliance has a wide range of application. Currently, a number of other Japanese companies also developed an alternative catalyst, the widespread use of fuel cells, will promote the deepening low-cost technology development.

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The U.S. Patent Office has approved the application. The use is limited to computers, portable electronics and peripherals. Observers now expect an iPad competitors with WebOS.

The United States Patent and Trademark Office, Hewlett-Packard the term "PalmPad" registered as a trademark. This first reported the blog MyHPMini.

If the concept PalmPad the pulped Slate (Image: HP) are similar?

HP has announced no plans around the new name, the complaint states, however, HP was the term only in the "computer, computer hardware, computer software, computer peripherals, portable computers, handhelds and mobile computers, PDAs, electronic Notebooks and mobile digital electronic devices to use.

HP had hired in the last few months, until the development of a Windows-7-tablets and least postponed plans for an Android-Tablet. It is more than speculation to expect that a "PalmPad" is running on the compromised with Palm WebOS and should be positioned as a competitor to Apple’s iPad. At least the name seems to American observers and less attractive looking than the iPad – or even Dell’s Android-Tablet Streak.

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China’s power Dell Latitude D620 Battery development is accompanied by the growth of electric bicycle stems. However, beginning in the domestic lithium-ion battery electric vehicles to carry out research and development, the lithium-ion battery and there were some explosions.

Generally speaking, batteries and battery safety is inversely proportional to the energy stored, namely, the greater the available energy released, the worse its safety. Huang Xue-Jie said, in other words, and in inverse proportion to the weight of the battery. Of course, as the battery size increases, the thermal performance deterioration, the possibility of an explosion is a significant increase, so will be made of lithium-ion battery power battery, it must improve its safety performance; the use of the larger, its demands also achieved higher safety index.

Lithium-ion Dell Latitude D820 Battery explosion, a very important reason is that the use of mobile phone batteries commonly used lithium cobalt oxide as cathode material for lithium-ion battery. Lithium cobalt oxide materials, theoretical specific energy of more than 270 milliamperes per gram of time, but to ensure its revolving nature, the actual capacity available than the theoretical capacity is only half that at about 140 milliamperes.

“In the actual use of the process, if in some unexpected circumstances, such as the management system damage caused by the battery charging voltage is too high, then the remaining part of the lithium will be from the anode through the electrolyte to the cathode surface in the form of lithium metal deposition. “Huang Xue-Jie said that, while the underpotential deposition of lithium on the surface can easily form a” dendrite “, thus piercing the diaphragm, the positive and negative short-circuit, causing fire and explosions accidents. In addition, the lithium metal is very lively, melting point is also low, the battery temperature is too high or partial contact with the shell broken air cases, very dangerous indeed.

Search for alternative cathode material for lithium cobalt oxide to solve security problems is the production of lithium-ion Dell Inspiron 6000 Battery power the optimal first consideration.

“Tenth Five-Year” period, in the 863 Program, supported by CAS Institute of Physics has developed lithium iron phosphate oxygen vacancies and for the vehicle power battery lithium manganese oxide cathode material, they developed a proprietary surface modification technology be applied to modified into the spinel lithium manganese oxide materials, produced when the reversible capacity of 107 milliamperes per gram, 55 ℃ cycle capacity retention rate of 200 times greater than 90%, better than similar products in the international levels and to protect the electric vehicle major projects in high-power lithium-ion batteries the smooth progress of the project. Pilot plant in Shandong Province on the basis of the technical fujitsu lifebook e8110 battery craft, built in Wuxi, an annual output of 1,000 tons of production lines.

In the lithium-ion battery anode material for research and development, our country also has significant progress. As a cell phone lithium-ion battery anode material of choice for middle-carbon micro-balls, our country has to achieve a comprehensive localization. Shanghai Shanshan and Tianjin Tiecheng production of the type of anode material, which were reversible capacity of 300-340 mAh / g, performance indicators have reached or in part, exceed international advanced level, and the price is only two-thirds of imported products . But the graphite anode materials can not meet high-power hybrid cars and long-life requirements, Huang Xue-Jie said, in the power fujitsu lifebook e8210 battery, the use of a graphite structure, mesophase carbon micro-sphere there is a fatal flaw, namely, the impact of high current when the As the volume change, carbon surface of the solid electrolyte layer of the ball will be damaged, thus accelerating the decay of its life. In the 863 nano-specific support, the Beijing Star Constant successfully developed a hard carbon anode materials, Badachu Hi-Tech Park is located in the pilot line is expected to put into production later this month.

More than 10 years ago, the lithium-ion canon nb-4l battery is only scientists in the laboratory sought-after piece of scholarship.

Today, the people’s lives almost without it. Mobile phones, portable computers, almost all portable personal electronic equipment must be relied on to provide the required energy.

But how to put it in the car, and became a driving force of motor vehicles; how to access it to become the future power of the “container”, the scientists began to explore constantly, the battery “magnanimous” to a growing, dynamic to Yue Lai is stronger, life expectancy should be longer, but it does not mean that the size and weight but also growing, this is not simply the number of overlay .

The key to this change is that the casio np-20 battery material. The materials used in mobile phone battery must not be used to make electric cars the “heart”, or is not likely to explode, but will certainly be trouble.

Thus, scientists from various countries are trying to find the best answer.

20 years, insisted that something out of nothing

Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences research fellow and doctoral tutor Huang Xue-Jie evaluation of the development of China’s lithium-ion batteries are: from scratch, from small to large, developed rapidly.

In 2000 China’s output of about 20 million, accounting for 3.6% global share, with South Korea close to a time when Japan had reached an annual output of 512 million, accounting for 93.9%. 2002 China crossed the 100 million in 2004 reached 760 million, accounting for 37.1% of the global casio np-100 market, after Japan.

China’s lithium-ion battery research and development projects has been the focus of 863 items, from mobile devices with small batteries started 20 consecutive years of support. At present a small lithium-ion battery has an annual production capacity of more than 200 million, Japan, SONY, Sanyo and other companies to build production plants to China. Most of these materials achieve localization and the introduction of multi-national has been self-built production lines and supporting materials factory, there are many months, have been the formation of large-scale production and market competition.

“Small battery and its related materials, current technology processes mature into the scale of production, mainly to promote industrial investment.” Wong Hok-chieh.

“China’s power battery research relatively late, but so far has made remarkable achievements.” Huang Xue-Jie said that after 20 years of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences to study the accumulation of storage in nano-phosphate lithium anode materials and cathode minolta np-600 materials research in China ranks world-class.

China’s power type lithium-ion batteries “15″ electric vehicles during the 863 major projects with the support of research and development began to address the issue of high power output, security has also been greatly improved, relying on the CAS Institute of Physics Technology Suzhou Star Constant Power Co., created to achieve a flat battery mechanized production, in 2004, Suzhou Star Constant R & D of 10 AH high-energy-type and 7.5 Ah high-power-type manganese lithium-ion battery has passed the United States UL safety test, becoming the first Chinese mainland by a UL-certified Li-ion power battery, the current bulk supply of products have been domestic and international markets. The development of 15 high-power battery, when an electric vehicle 863 major projects through the organization’s unity test, “15″ period has been successfully applied to the fuel cell sony np-f970 hybrid electric car concept car “Beyond II” and “Beyond the Three.” When an eight high-power battery has become the “Shanghai” brand fuel cell hybrid car standard.

“Car lithium-ion battery technology development and other high-end products, not just the development of China’s electric car industry needs, will also bring China’s lithium-ion digital camera battery industry, a comprehensive technical upgrades.” Wong Hok-chieh.

A Japanese company has recently developed a new lithium-ion Fujitsu Lifebook T5010 Battery manufacturing technologies, the use of silicon oxide, nano-silicon, carbon and other materials generated by the new battery anode, so that battery capacity than the currently used graphite as anode in lithium-ion batteries to increase 2 to 5 into.

Silicon has a low price and the absorption rate of lithium-ion and high, suitable for manufacturing large-capacity battery. However, silicon absorbs lithium-ion when the expansion rate is also high, as the battery of negative cracks easily, thereby shortening battery life. Therefore, the silicon material of the lithium-ion batteries have not been able practical use.

According to “Nikkei Business Daily” has reported that fujitsu lifebook t4220 battery Hitachi Maxell, Ltd. adoption of new technologies, so that nc-Si dispersed in the silicon oxide materials is the formation of “nano-silicon-containing compounds” is then mixed with this kind of “nano-silicon-containing compounds” and carbon materials, form a “nano-porous silicon composite material.” This material increases the space between the nano-silicon to solve the battery charging inflated nanometer silicon to make silicon material for battery anode feasible.

The researchers said that this new type of battery capacity than the use of graphite as anode in lithium-ion batteries to increase 2 to 5 into. However, the new battery is about 300 times, there will be a clear decline in charge capacity. At present, the use of graphite as anode of the battery charge is about 500 times, the charge capacity only decreased significantly. Hitachi Maxell plans to further improve new materials to address the issue of a new fujitsu lifebook t4215 battery charge life.

Electric vehicle batteries prices quoted thermal battery conservation industry

A 36V battery from July’s 280 rose to 380, a set of 48V batteries in July from 380 yuan to 500 yuan. Electric vehicle batteries electric car battery prices led to the conservation sector to run the fire. 28 Beijing West Road Nanchang reporters an electric vehicle battery maintenance shop to see the staff is too busy. It is understood that in general the normal battery life is two years. Primary fujitsu lifebook t4210 battery conservation in between 80-100 yuan can be used for more than 8 months.

Invention of a retired teacher, dry fast charger

Tangshan shift a retired teacher, after years of experiments, master of ordinary dry charging technology and agreed to a number of national patents. He invented the charger section simultaneously to more than 100 quick recharge ordinary fujitsu lifebook t4020 battery, but also to re-charge the number of 10 times, each time the original charge electric power capacity of more than 70%.